Lupus Erythematosus: Symtomps and Treatment

Lupus Erythematosus: Symtomps and Treatment

Lupus is a chronic inflammatory disease that is caused by the immune system that mistakenly starts attacking the body's own tissues and organs. Inflammation from lupus can affect various parts of the body, for example:

• Skin
• Joints
• Corpuscle
• Lungs
• Heart

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The symptoms are often similar to other diseases making it difficult to diagnose. Symptoms of lupus vary. There is mild, and there are even life-threatening. This disease is not contagious, but can be dangerous and even potentially deadly. The most common symptoms are a skin rash, fatigue, pain and swelling in the joints.

Symptoms of Lupus

Symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus / SLE) is very diverse. Many patients with SLE who just feel some mild symptoms for a long time and then suddenly experienced a severe attack.

Main symptoms of SLE

Although the symptoms of SLE vary, there are three main symptoms are generally always arise, among others:

Extreme fatigue

This is the most common symptoms in SLE patients often complain. Extreme fatigue very disturbing and inhibits the activity. Many people who claim that this phenomenon is the biggest negative impact of SLE in their lives.

Doing the daily routine simple, such as housework or office routine, can make SLE very tired. Extreme tiredness persists even after the patient rested.

Skin rash

Which is characteristic of SLE is a rash that spreads on the nose and cheeks. This phenomenon is known as the butterfly rash (butterfly rash) because of its shape resembling butterfly wings.

Other body parts that may be covered with a rash are the hands and wrists. Rashes on the skin due to SLE may be marked permanently and is worse when exposed to sunlight due to photosensitivity reactions.

Pain in the joints

Another primary symptom of SLE is a pain. These symptoms generally appear in the joints of hands and feet of the patient. The pain may also be able to move quickly from one joint to the other joints.

SLE but generally does not cause permanent damage or defects in the joints. That is what distinguishes SLE from other diseases that also attacks the joints.

Other symptoms that might Accompanying

Each SLE patients experience symptoms differently. Some experience mild symptoms, and there were heavy.

There are a variety of other symptoms that may appear in addition to the main one. But not all of these symptoms will be experienced by patients. Many patients who have just suffered a major symptom.

Here are the other symptoms that may be experienced with SLE:

• Sores that continue to appear.
• High fever (38ºC or more).
• High blood pressure.
• Swollen lymph nodes.
• Headache.
• Hair loss.
• Dry eyes.
• Chest pain.
• Memory loss.
• Shortness of breath due to inflammation of the lungs, the impact of the heart, or anemia.
• The body stores excess fluid, causing symptoms such as swelling of the ankles
• Fingers and toes that turn white or blue when exposed to the cold or because of stress (Raynaud's phenomenon).

Treatment of Lupus

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Systemic lupus erythematosus (systemic lupus erythematosus / SLE) can not be cured. The goal of treatment available is to reduce the level of symptoms, to prevent damage to internal organs, as well as minimizing the impact on the lives of patients with SLE.

Avoid Sun Exposure

Protecting skin from the sun is important for patients with SLE. Skin rashes experienced by patients with SLE may worsen if exposed to sunlight. Steps that can be done is:

• Wearing clothing that covers all parts of the skin.
• Wear a hat and sunglasses.
• Applying sunscreen with a high dose so that the skin is not sunburned.

However, not all people with lupus are sensitive to sunlight. There is also no need to implement the steps above.

Special treatment may not be needed by patients with SLE with mild symptoms, but they generally still require medication to manage the symptoms. Here are the drugs that may be needed by patients with SLE.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines

Joint or muscle pain is one of the main symptoms of SLE. Doctors may prescribe nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce these symptoms.

The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug is a painkiller that can reduce the inflammation that occurs in the body. What kind of medications are generally given physicians in patients with SLE include ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, and piroxicam.

These types of drugs (especially ibuprofen) have been sold freely and be able to treat painful joints or muscles are light. But you need prescription drugs if you experience joint or muscle pain is more severe.

SLE patients also should be wary because the drug is not suitable if they are being or have had gastric disorders, kidney, or liver. These medicines also may not be suitable for people with asthma.

Also, children under 16 years of age should not take aspirin. Again, talk to your doctor to find a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is suitable for you.

Consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or long-term high doses can cause bleeding inside because of damage to the stomach wall. Therefore, doctors will monitor the condition of patients with SLE who must consume it for long term carefully. If complications do occur, the doctor will recommend other options.

Corticosteroids

Corticosteroids can reduce inflammation quickly and efficiently. These drugs are usually given by a doctor if SLE patients were experiencing severe symptoms or attacks.

To control symptoms and attacks, the initial stages of this medication may be a massive dose. Then the dosage is reduced gradually as the condition of the patient improved.

Corticosteroids are always given the lowest effective dose. High doses and long-term consumption of these drugs can cause side effects that include bone thinning, thinning of the skin, weight gain, and increased high blood pressure.

How to minimize the side effects of steroids is to adjust the dose of steroids with disease activity while controlling it actually. As long as you follow the recipe and supervised by a doctor, corticosteroids include drugs that are safe to use

hydroxychloroquine

Besides once used to treat malaria, the drug is also useful for treating some of the significant symptoms of SLE. Among them:

• Joint and muscle pain
• Fatigue
• Skin rash

Specialist doctors generally encourage the consumption of this drug for long-term for people with SLE. The aim is to:

• Prevent a severe attack.
• Controlling symptoms.
• Prevent the development of serious complications.

The effectiveness of regular hydroxychloroquine will be felt with SLE after taking over 1.5-3 months.

But all drugs have side effects remain, including hydroxychloroquine. Among these are indigestion, diarrhea, headache, and rash.

These drugs also have side effects more serious, but very rare. For example, it is estimated there is a risk of 1: 2000 in SLE patients taking these drugs may experience eye damage. Because it is so rare, general eye exams are not required for all lupus patients who take this medication.

Immediately consult your doctor if you experience vision problems for taking hydroxychloroquine.

Immunosuppressant Medicines

The workings of this medicine are to suppress the immune system performance. There are several types of immunosuppressants are usually given by prescription, namely azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil and cyclophosphamide.

Immunosuppressant will relieve the symptoms of SLE to limit damage to parts of a healthy body from the attacks of the immune system. The drug is also sometimes given together with corticosteroids. If combined, they can relieve the symptoms of SLE more efficiently. The use of immunosuppressant was also likely to reduce the dose of corticosteroids needed patient.

Immunosuppressants including drugs that are very hard and can cause the following side effects:

• Gag.
• Loss of appetite.
• Swelling of the gums.
• Diarrhea.
• Convulsions.
• Easy bruising or bleeding.
• Breakouts.
• Headache.
• Weight gain.
• Excessive hair growth.

Therefore, this drug is usually administered by prescription only for SLE patients who experience severe symptoms or attacks. Immediately consult a doctor if any side effect that was more disturbing than the benefits. Your dose may need to be adjusted.

Each type of immunosuppressant cause side effects vary. For example, mycophenolate and cyclophosphamide can cause birth defects. Therefore, patients with SLE women using either of these medications and are sexually active are encouraged to use contraception is guaranteed potency.

For patients with SLE women who intend to have children, you are advised to choose other drugs (e.g., azathioprine). You are also advised to first consulted the specialist.

Pregnancy should be planned when you reduced SLE symptoms (remission). Careful monitoring of specialists and obstetricians during pregnancy takes place also very important.

The risk of infection increases with the performance of the immune system is suppressed. Contact your doctor immediately if you experience symptoms of infection since you may need immediate treatment to prevent serious complications.

Symptoms of infection are sometimes similar to lupus attacks and includes:

• Coughing accompanied by phlegm or panting.
• High fever (38ºC or more).
• That feels a burning sensation during urination.
• Blood urine (hematuria).

Avoid contact with people who are experiencing an infection as anything or even if you already have immunity against infection, such as chickenpox or measles. Transmission may still occur due to the performance of your immune system is on the decline because of pressure by the immunosuppressant drugs.

Immunosuppressant also can cause liver damage. Therefore, you need a medical examination and regular blood tests while using immunosuppressants.

Rituximab

If other drugs are not effective for patients with SLE, the doctor will recommend rituximab. These drugs included a new type and was originally developed to treat certain blood cancers, such as lymphoma. But rituximab proved useful in dealing with autoimmune diseases such as SLE and rheumatoid arthritis.

How it works is by targeting rituximab and kill cells B. These are the cells that produce antibodies that trigger the symptoms of SLE. These drugs will be put through the IV that will last for several hours. During the treatment process is underway, your condition will be monitored carefully.

Common side effects of rituximab include dizziness, vomiting, and flu-like symptoms (e.g., chills and high fever during treatment). Other side effects may occur (although rarely) are allergic reactions. These reactions usually occur during treatment or shortly after that.

Hepatitis C: Symtomps, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention

Hepatitis C: Symtomps, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention

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Hepatitis C is one of the diseases that can attack the liver. The disease caused by this virus can trigger the infection and inflammation of the liver.

According to the WHO, the number of hepatitis C sufferers in the world reached 130-150 million people and caused the death of around 350-500 thousand of its victims. While in Southeast Asia alone, the number of patients who died of complications of cirrhosis and cancer of the liver due to hepatitis C was recorded to reach 120,000 inhabitants each year. Indonesia is one of the countries with the highest rate of hepatitis C cases in Southeast Asia.

Hepatitis C generally do not show symptoms in the early stages. Therefore, about 75 percent of hepatitis C sufferers don't realize that he's been contracted until finally experiencing liver damage years later.

Although there are symptoms of hepatitis C that appears, indications are similar to other diseases so difficult to realize. Some include always feeling tired, achy, and no appetite.

Symptoms of Hepatitis C

The incubation period (the time since the virus first entered until symptoms appear) for hepatitis C is two weeks to six months.

Infection in the first six months is known as acute hepatitis C. Although there are symptoms of hepatitis C that appears, indications are similar to other diseases so difficult to realize.

Only about 25 percent of patients with acute hepatitis C who have symptoms. Some indications include:

• Fatigue.
• Muscle and joint pains.
• Fever.
• No appetite.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Stomach ache.
• Jaundice (experienced by approximately 20 percent of patients).

The immune system of patients with acute hepatitis C sometimes able to kill the virus without special treatment so that the patient will recover. It occurs in about 25 percent of sufferers.

While 75 percent of the rest will keep the virus hepatitis C for a long time. This is called chronic hepatitis C.

The symptoms of chronic hepatitis C are very diverse and vary depending on each patient. Some experience mild symptoms, and there were heavy. In addition to symptoms similar to acute hepatitis C, the following are other indications commonly experienced by patients.

• Always feeling tired.
• Headache.
• Muscle and joint pains.
• Indigestion.
• Difficulty concentrating or remembering things.
• Mood changes.
• Depression.
• Itching of the skin.
• Right upper abdomen (the location of the liver) hurt.
• Dark urine.
• Gray-colored stools.

Immediately consult a doctor if you experience the symptoms above. The diagnosis as early as possible will reduce the risk of complications of hepatitis C.

Diagnosis of Hepatitis C

The earlier handled, liver damage in people with hepatitis C can be inhibited. Therefore, people who are at high risk of contracting this disease are advised to undergo hepatitis C regularly. For example, users of illegal drugs, medical workers, and people who have had blood transfusions or organ transplants.

The inspection process is done through a blood test. There are two types of blood tests are recommended for diagnosing this disease, namely:

Antibody tests. The existence of hepatitis C indicates that you have been exposed to the virus, but does not necessarily mean you are still suffering from this disease.

Tests Polymerase Chain Reaction or PCR. This test is used to check for the presence of hepatitis C virus by detecting whether the virus is still active breed in your body or not. A positive result means your body is not completely eradicate the virus and the infection has entered the stage of chronic or long-term.

If both results of the above tests show positive results, you will be advised to undergo liver function tests. This process can be done through a blood test, ultrasound, and biopsy. These tests aim to check the level of damage that occurs in the liver and other types of hepatitis C virus, hepatitis C virus genotype is divided into six types, and each have different responses to treatment measures.

Treatment of Hepatitis C

The type of treatment that will be undertaken of patients with hepatitis C depending on the degree of liver damage, as well as viral genotype diidapnya. But if positively diagnosed with hepatitis C, you may not necessarily need treatment steps.

Most acute hepatitis C can be cured without any special handling. Your doctor may recommend a blood test to monitor whether the patient's immune system successfully cleared the virus for 12 weeks. If the infection persists, your doctor will usually prescribe pegylated interferon for six months. Pegylated interferon is a synthetic protein that triggers the immune system to attack the virus.

Another case with acute hepatitis C, chronic hepatitis C patients in need of measures taken by the drugs as soon as possible. In addition to pegylated interferon, patients will also be given the antiviral drug ribavirin to inhibit the spread of hepatitis C virus in the body. But these drugs should not be taken by pregnant women because it can harm the unborn baby.

The duration of combination therapy with pegylated interferon and ribavirin depends on the genotype of the hepatitis C virus patient pathway. Genotype 1 hepatitis C virus including the types that are difficult to handle. Therefore, on the use of the drugs is for one year.

While other genotypes are generally more responsive to the combination therapy so that the duration of treatment will be shorter, ie six months. Patients with hepatitis C genotype also had a higher likelihood of cure.

During the treatment period, the patient's condition will be monitored through regular blood tests. This process is usually recommended after treatment for one and four months.

Just like other drugs, a combination of pegylated interferon and ribavirin has the potential to cause side effects. For example, loss of appetite, anemia, fever, nausea, hair loss, depression, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, and difficulty remembering things.

Almost all patients with chronic hepatitis C who live to experience more than one type of side effects. But the side effects will generally slows as the body's adaptation to the drug.

Experts later found two types of new drugs, boceprevir and telaprevir. Both are inhibitors of the enzyme (protease inhibitors). These drugs blocking the action of enzymes required by the virus to multiply.

Boceprevir and telaprevir should be combined with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. The combination of all four of these drugs is recommended as an alternative treatment for patients with hepatitis C who have never undergone any handling or unresponsive to other treatment. Patients with hepatitis C is recommended to undergo this treatment for one year.

Boceprevir and telaprevir can also cause different side effects. Boceprevir side effects include fever, nausea, loss of appetite, and insomnia. While the side effects of telaprevir can trigger anemia, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and an itchy rash.

Please remember that if once suffered and recovered from hepatitis C, it does not mean your body has fully immune to the virus. Although already recovered, people with hepatitis C should be careful because it remains at risk for re-infected with the same disease.

Prevention of Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C can not be prevented by vaccination. But there are some ways that we can take to reduce the risk of transmission, for example, to stop or not to use drugs and avoid sharing the use of personal items that may be contaminated with blood, such as razors or toothbrushes.

Although the disease is rarely transmitted through sexual intercourse, use of safety devices such as condoms in sexual intercourse can still keep you from hepatitis C. Especially if it comes in contact with blood, such as anal sex or menstrual blood.

Prevention of the spread of hepatitis C virus is also important. People with hepatitis C can prevent transmission using:

• Clean up and cover the wound with a waterproof plaster.
• Do not become a blood donor.
• Always clean up blood spills with household cleanser.
• Don't share needles and personal items.

Patients with hepatitis C are at risk of contracting other types of hepatitis. Therefore, doctors advise them to undergo vaccination to prevent hepatitis A and B. Influenza vaccine, and pneumococcal infections are also sometimes recommended.

Sleep Apnea: Diagnosis, Symtomps, and Treatment

Sleep Apnea: Diagnosis, Symtomps, and Treatment

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Sleep apnea is a respiratory disturbance since the walls of the throat are relaxed and narrows when we were sleeping. During sleep, the throat muscles become relaxed and limp. Usually, relaxation of the throat muscles had no effect on most people, but for people with sleep apnea, the muscles become too weak to cause a narrowing or even closing the airway.

In addition to sleep apnea, there are other respiratory disorders, named hypopnea. Hypopnea is the condition when there is more than 50 percent barrier in the respiratory tract. Hypopnea and sleep apnea can occur about ten seconds or more.

Sleep apnea itself is divided into two types, sleep apnea obstruction arising out of throat muscles that are experiencing excessive relaxation and Central sleep apnea occurs because the brain does not send a signal to the muscle to regulate breathing.

Symptoms of Sleep Apnea

People who suffer from sleep apnea will not realize that he was misbehaving when sleeping or any symptoms that appear when she is awake. This condition is usually known if any couples, friends, and family are aware of it.

While experiencing sleep apnea, the brain that lack of oxygen can wake you up with the goal of reopening the respiratory tract, and you can breathe again. You will wake up a half are aware or fully aware.

Usually, you will not remember if you're experiencing sleep disorders. This interference will make the body feel tired during the day. The following are some of the symptoms that you may experience when you fall asleep:

• Snoring loudly.
• Often has stopped breathing and then gasping.
• Breathing heavy and noisy. Trouble sleeping at night or insomnia.
• Excessive sweating at night.
• Often woke up at night to urinate.
• Symptoms that may occur when you woke up are:
• Feel sleepy during the day.
• Woke up with dry mouth or throat pain.
• Don't feel refreshed when awakened.
• A headache, especially after the morning wake-up.
• Decreased concentration and memory.
• Depression.
• Decreased sexual desire or erectile dysfunction in men.
• Irritability or mood was changing.

If you are experiencing some of the symptoms above, especially if these symptoms are already disrupting the daily routine, then immediately find a doctor. It is to know with certainty what the cause, especially if you snore loudly because many people consider snoring is normal.

What Are The Causes Of Sleep Apnea?

Sleep apnea is caused by a reaction of relaxation and constriction of overload on soft tissues and muscles of the throat that function help was speaking, swallowing, and breathing.

In most people, the relaxation of the soft tissues and muscles did not interfere with breathing. But for people with sleep apnea, the muscles and soft tissues of the throat airway narrowing excessively and eventually clogged. These conditions interfere with the supply of oxygen throughout the body and triggers the brain to wake you to realize and be back to normal breathing.

Some factors that may increase your risk of sleep apnea:

• Gender. Sleep apnea is more likely to occur in men.
• Have a big neck. The larger neck size of 43 cm more risky experience sleeps apnea.
• Excessive weight or obesity. The presence of excessive fat in the soft tissues of the neck and the stomach can disturb you in breathing.
• Taking medication with a calming effect. For example drugs and sleeping pills.
• Aged 40 years or more. Sleep apnea is more common in people in this age, though it can also happen at any age. Abnormalities in the structure of the neck. For example, large tonsils, respiratory tract, small lower jaw, and the adenoidal problems are great.
• Nasal congestion. People are experiencing clogging on the nose is more at risk of suffering from sleep apnea, for example, because of polyps and nasal bone structure abnormalities.
• A family history. If your family is experiencing sleep apnea, your risk of suffering from would also be increased.
• Smoking. Smoking can increase the risk of inflammation and the buildup of fluid in the upper respiratory tract.
• Consuming liquor. These habits if done before bed will worsen sleep apnea and snore.

Diagnosis Of Sleep Apnea

It is recommended before seeing a doctor, ask couples or families at home to observe whether you are suffering from sleep apnea. If you are experiencing interference can not breathe, maybe they can tell you.

When met with a doctor, you will be questioned about symptoms being experienced due to sleep apnea. In addition to physical examinations, blood tests may be performed to see if other conditions can lead to the symptoms being experienced.

If the cause of sleep apnea is still unclear, doctors can perform observations of Your night's sleep. In these views, breathing patterns, heart rate and oxygen levels in the body will monitor. One of the tests that can be done is known by the name polysomnograph. This procedure is done by observing some part of the body while you are asleep. Here're some other tests that accompany the polysomnography procedure:

• Electromyography (EMG) to check and record the activity of the muscle signal.
• Electroencephalography (EEG) to monitor brain waves.
• Electrocardiography (ECG) to observe the heart.
• Note movement in the chest and stomach.
• Note the flow of air through the mouth and nose.
• Sound recordings and videos.

Through observation, a doctor can know for sure if you are suffering from sleep apnea and the level of severity

Treatment of Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea is a long-term illness that may require lifelong treatment. Changes in lifestyle and breathing apparatus when the beds are some treatment techniques that can be done. Here are some ways the treatment of sleep apnea, along with an explanation:

• Avoid tranquilizer and sedative drugs.
• Lose weight if you're experiencing excess body weight.
• Avoiding the supine position during sleep, try to sleep with the tilted position.

Quit smoking for those who have the habit of smoking. Limit the consumption of liquor, especially at a time before going to bed. CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) CPAP is a tool for positive pressure air blowing into his nose or into the nose and mouth. This positive pressure air will prevent the throat close up and relieve the symptoms that appear due to sleep apnea. Some side effects of this treatment technique include:

• Nasal congestion.
• A runny nose or irritations.
• Headache.
• Ear pain.
• Abdominal pain and flatulence.

If you feel uncomfortable or get side effects that interfere with treatment procedures are done, you should tell the doctor that handle so that it can be customized to your comfort level.

MAD (a Mandibular Advancement Device) this instrument is designed to hold the jaw and tongue to prevent constriction in the respiratory tract that causes someone snoring. This tool is used on top gear while you're sleeping.

Operating procedure step is only performed if there is no other way to overcome sleep apnea condition and suffered terribly. Here are some operating procedures conducted to treat sleep apnea:

• Bariatric Surgery. Diminution of gastric size operation is done to obese people.
• Tracheostomy. The procedure of inserting the pipe into the throat to help you breathe easier.
• Tonsillectomy. Surgical removal of the tonsils when tonsils are too big and obstruct the airway during sleep.
• Adenoidectomy. Surgical removal of adenoidal problems when it is too large and adenoidal problems blocking the breathing passages as you sleep.

Complications Due To Sleep Apnea

The following are some of the complications that may occur due to sleep apnea:

• Hypertension or high blood pressure. This condition does not cause any symptoms but increases the risk of You having a heart attack and stroke. Strive to live healthy life patterns with regular exercise and eating healthy foods.
• Accident. People with sleep apnea are at risk of experiencing severe enough accidents when activity in the afternoon because of drowsiness due to disruption of sleep time at night. This especially can occur in people who have to drive the vehicle and operate heavy equipment.

Lump In Neck: Can Be Sign of Serious Disease

Lump In Neck: Can Be Sign of Serious Disease

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Some people may never have a lump in the neck. The lump may feel pain or no pain at all when it is held. Its texture can be soft or hard. The question is whether the lump was harmless?

The cause lumps in the neck are generally harmless. But scrutiny still needed because it could be a lump that turned out to be symptoms of a serious illness.

Here are some of the causes lumps in the neck:

• Swelling of the thyroid gland. Gland shaped like a butterfly is located in the neck and right in front of your throat. The thyroid gland is usually invisible, but for some reason, the gland may swell and cause lumps in the neck are often called goiter. This swelling can be caused by many things such as iodine deficiency, too, or underactive gland, and thyroid cancer.
• Swollen lymph nodes. Swelling typically occurs when the body has an infection include throat infections, dental infections, colds, measles, tuberculosis, autoimmune (lupus) and syphilis. Bumps can be deflated by itself when your health condition began to improve.
• Cyst. Try to hold and rub lump in your neck, if it is small, felt like a nut and shifted under the skin when pressed, it could be your bump caused by a benign cyst. You do not need to worry because the possibility of a lump may disappear on its own without the help of medication.
• Stones in the salivary glands. The chemicals contained in saliva can sometimes precipitate and form small stones. The stones can block the flow of saliva in your mouth. This condition can cause swelling in the neck.
• Cancer. You have a high risk of cancerous lumps if live unhealthy lifestyles, such as smoking and consuming alcoholic beverages. Generally, cancer of the mouth, throat, vocal cords and the tongue will attack those who continue this bad habit. Additionally, a lump in the neck can also be a sign that you are suffering from leukemia (cancer of the white blood), breast cancer, or lung cancer. The risk of cancer is higher if you are aged 40 years and over.
• Skin tags or excessive skin growth. It is a condition where the skin often rubs against the skin on other parts or rubbing against clothing so that the skin covered by a small flesh-colored brown like warts. This condition is common, it is painless, harmless, and may disappear by itself. Anyone can experience it, but especially diabetics, obese, pregnant women and elderly people will be more common to have skin tags.

When Should You Be alert?

To find out if you have a lump that is dangerous or not, try to notice the lump carefully.

• Consider whether you have a bump with the following criteria:
• Does not go flat until more than a month.
• Looks continue to grow.
• Feels hard or does not move when touched.
• Accompanied by fever, shortness of breath, pain, and difficulty in swallowing, weight loss, increased heart rate, hoarseness, blood in the saliva, or skin changes.

If you have a lump, as mentioned above, contact your doctor to undergo further tests.

Your doctor may suggest you undergo some tests to check the cause of the lump. Some of the tests that you may live is a blood test, HIV test, X-ray, ultrasound, and MRI and biopsy.

After knowing the cause, doctors can provide appropriate treatment for lumps that you suffered.

In general, harmless lumps in the neck. But there is no harm to the doctor if there is any discrepancy in the bumps. Early detection can prevent you from bumps deadly danger.

Leukemia: Symtomps, Diagnosis, Treatment

Leukemia: Symtomps, Diagnosis, Treatment

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Leukemia is cancer that attacks the cells that form blood cells in the bone marrow. In normal conditions, the white blood cells will grow on a regular basis at the time the body needs to fight infection appear.

Yet another case with people with blood cancer. The bone marrow to produce white blood cells that are abnormal, it can not function properly, and to excess. The excessive amount will result in a buildup of the bone marrow cells of healthy blood will be reduced.

Types of Leukemia

There are various types of Leukemia. Based on the speed of its development, this cancer can be classified into acute and chronic.

Leukemia acute was growing rapidly due to increasing the number of abnormal white blood cells that quickly and spread into the bloodstream. This type must be dealt with immediately.

Meanwhile, chronic Leukemia develops slowly and in the long term. Symptoms tend not immediate so that newly diagnosed after years. White blood cells that should have died will be alive and accumulate in the blood, bone marrow, and other organs involved.

Leukemia can also be categorized according to the type of white blood cell that is attacked. Blood cancer that attacks the lymph cells known as leukemia lymphocytic and attacking cells called myeloid leukemia mielogenus.

Based on the above two groupings, there are four types of blood cancer most often occurs. Here is an explanation for each type.

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

ALL can inhibit lymphocyte function so that infected potentially dangerous infections. This blood cancer generally affects children, but adults may also be attacked.

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

It is a type of blood cancer that primarily affects adults. AML but also can affect children and teenagers. This cancer will form myeloid cells are not perfect and can clog blood vessels.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

This type of blood cancer only experienced by adults. CLL usually detected at an advanced stage because patients tend not feel the symptoms for a long time.

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

This type of blood cancer generally affects adults. CML has two stages. In the first stage, abnormal cells will grow slowly. Then upon entering the second phase, the number of abnormal cells increases rapidly so that the patient's condition will decrease drastically.

In general, a blood cancer or leukemia occur as a result of the production of white blood cells is too fast so many cells are still not completely formed and eventually the immune sufferer is not functioning optimally.

Symptoms of Leukemia

Symptoms of Leukemia are very diverse. Each sufferer usually experiences different indications, depending on the type of blood cancer pathway.

Indications of this cancer also tend to be difficult to identify due to be similar to other conditions, such as flu. Therefore, we need to be aware of the common symptoms are not getting better or subside, such as:

• Limp or ongoing fatigue.
• Fever.
• Chills.
• Headache.
• gag
• Excessive sweating, especially at night.
• Pain in the bones or joints.
• Weight loss.
• Swelling of the lymph stains, liver, or spleen.
• Infection appears severe or frequent.
• Easy bleeding (e.g., frequent nosebleeds) or bruises.
• Red spots appear on the skin.

If you or your child has any of the symptoms above, immediately contact and consult a doctor. Especially for symptoms often recur or do not improve.

Leukemia Causes and Risk Factors

The basic cause of Leukemia is not known with certainty. But there are some factors expected to increase a person's risk for this cancer. Factors triggering blood cancers include:

• Heredity. If you have family members, who suffer from blood cancer, your risk of developing same cancer will increase.
• Genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome.
• Had undergone cancer treatment. Certain chemotherapy or radiotherapy could be expected to trigger a blood cancer.
• Effect of blood disorder that affects, for example, myelodysplastic syndrome.
• Never experienced a high level of exposure to radiation or certain chemicals. For example, people who have been involved in accidents relating to nuclear reactors or undergo chemical substances such as benzene exposure.
• Smoke. Smoking increases not only the risk of blood cancer (leukemia mielogen especially acute) but also a variety of other diseases.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Leukemia

At the initial stage, the doctor will ask the symptoms that existed before checking your physical condition. If you suspect you are suffering from blood cancers, such as swelling in the lymph stains, liver, or spleen, doctors will recommend more detailed examination that includes blood tests and a bone marrow biopsy.

Blood tests will show the levels of abnormal white blood cells. While bone marrow biopsy is used to confirm the presence of cancer cells in the blood. The procedure is done by taking a sample of bone marrow is also used to determine the type of blood cancer.

After an active blood cancer diagnosis, the doctor will discuss the appropriate treatment measures. The kind of treatment that you will live depends on many factors, including your age and health conditions as well as the type and stage of cancer of the blood that you are contracting. Here is a method of treatment is generally recommended for handling blood cancer.

• Chemotherapy to kill cancer cells.
• Radiotherapy to destroy and inhibit the growth of cancer cells.
• Therapy focused on attacking vulnerable parts of cancer cells.
• Biological therapies to help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells.
• A stem cell transplant or to the replacement of the bone marrow that has been damaged by the sound. The stem cells used can come from your own body or the body of another person as a donor. Chemotherapy or radiotherapy usually be performed as a preparatory step before undergoing the transplant procedure.

Cyclospora symptoms and Treatment

Cyclospora symptoms and Treatment

Cyclospora infection causes watery diarrhea, and sometimes explosive.

A single-celled parasite that causes the infection can enter your body when you swallow food or water contamination. Fresh, unprocessed products are the culprits in many cases of Cyclospora infection.

Because diarrhea can be caused by many things, it can be difficult to diagnose Cyclospora infection. A particular test is required to identify the parasite Cyclospora in stool samples. Treatment for Cyclospora infection is in the form of antibiotics. Food security precautions can help to prevent disease.

Cyclospora Infection Symptoms

Some people infected with microscopic parasite Cyclospora infection causes no signs or symptoms develop. For others, the signs and symptoms - which usually begins within 2 to 11 days after eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water - can include:

• Watery diarrhea
• Frequent bowel movements and sometimes explosive
• The attack of diarrhea alternating with constipation attack
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
• Bloated
• Burp
• Abdominal cramps
• Nausea
• Gag
• Muscle ache
• Mild fever
• Fatigue
• Feeling unwell (malaise)

Diarrhea may be an end in itself in a few days, or it may be chronic, lasting for weeks. If you have HIV or other conditions that lower the body's immune system, the infection can last for months if untreated.

Cyclospora Infection Causes

Single-celled parasite, Cyclospora cayetanensis, causing Cyclospora infection. You get it by drinking water or eating food that has been contaminated by an infected person.

No one knows exactly how Cyclospora is transmitted. A person infected with Cyclospora gives parasites in the feces. However, unlike some other foodborne parasite, Cyclospora are not contagious until days or weeks after a bowel movement. So you might not get a direct infection from an infected person, such as restaurant workers who do not wash their hands properly after using the toilet.

Before 1996, sporadic cases of Cyclospora infections occur only in people who are traveling to developing countries and those with HIV or other conditions that cause immune system problems. However, since 1995, lettuce, fresh basil and raspberry imports has been involved in an outbreak of Cyclospora in the United States and Canada.

Cyclospora Infection Risk

In the past, people who are traveling to developing countries are more likely to get Cyclospora infection. Today, infections are found throughout the world and anyone who was digesting contaminated food or water can get. However, despite outbreaks around the world, the risk of Cyclospora infection is still low compared with foodborne intestinal diseases and other water.

Cyclospora infection complications

Prolonged diarrhea of ​​Cyclospora infection untreated can lead to dehydration. If you are a healthy adult, you can treat dehydration by drinking more fluids. Some people may need to be hospitalized to receive intravenous fluids because they are more at risk of severe dehydration.

Cyclospora Infection Diagnosis

Because there are so many possible causes diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms, the diagnosis of Cyclospora infection requires laboratory testing to identify the parasites in the feces.

Cyclospora Infection Treatment

Treatment for Cyclospora infection is a combination of antibiotics known as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra). For people who can not take sulfa, some evidence suggests that ciprofloxacin (Cipro) or nitazoxanide (Alinia) may be useful.

To prevent or treat mild to moderate fluid loss due to diarrhea associated with Cyclospora infection, is generally sufficient for healthy adults to drink water. Avoid coffee, tea and other beverages containing caffeine and alcohol because it can increase dehydration. Fruit juice and soda can make diarrhea worsens.

For children and infants, you may want to use an oral rehydration solution such as Pedialyte. Avoid taking anti-diarrhea medication, because it can interfere with the body's attempt to rid itself of parasites.

source: http://www.mayoclinic.org/

Beware Campylobacter in your Food

Beware Campylobacter in your Food

image source: http://globalbiodefense.com/

Most people always wash raw chicken before cooking. The reason is to clean meat.

In fact, it was wrong habits. Wash raw chicken meat does not kill germs at all, even at the risk of spreading the bacteria to the surface of kitchen furniture, clothing and utensils you.

According to the study, many people do not realize that washing raw poultry can spread bacteria and increase the risk of food poisoning in the body. The bacteria in question is campylobacter. These bacteria become one of the most common causes of food poisoning a person experiencing.

In addition to Campylobacter, raw chicken meat also potentially contain other bacteria such as Salmonella, E. coli, and enterococcus.

Campylobacter infection

When infected with the bacteria Campylobacter, which will be felt symptoms are abdominal pain and diarrhea. Symptoms appear two to five days after the bacteria enter the body. The condition can cause complications if infected people are children, the elderly, or those with weak immune systems such as HIV and cancer.

Complications that can occur due to Campylobacter infection are:

• The infection spreads to other organs such as the joints, liver, and pancreas.
• Blood poisoning or septicemia.
• Miscarriage in pregnant women.
• Guillain-Barre syndrome (a rare disorder that causes damage to the nervous system).

Usually, mild cases can be treated at home without needing medical treatment. However, the doctor immediately if you experience these symptoms:

• Convulsions.
• Vomiting more than two days or there is blood in the vomit.
• Diarrhea for more than three days or there is blood in your stool.
• Double vision.
• Slurred speech.
• Mental changes.
• Signs of dehydration such as dry mouth, sunken eyes, lack of urination.

Tips on Managing Raw Chicken Meat

Chicken meat contains high protein and many vitamins, such as vitamin A, vitamin B3, vitamin B5, and vitamin B6 are useful for the body. Do not let the "uninvited guests" have been introduced into your body. The following may be helpful tips that can be useful for cooking and storing meat chicken is still raw.

• Wash your hands thoroughly using soap and warm water before and after touching raw chicken and cooking utensils. Use a clean towel to dry hands and turning the tap is closed.
• Raw chicken meat does not need to be rinsed with water because of all the bacteria would die during the cooking process. Wash meat will only increase the risk of the spread of bacteria.
• We recommend that you have separate cooking utensils for raw meat to manage the bacteria did not participate spread to other foods, such as vegetables and fruits.
• Raw chicken should be cooked until done, not to leave the meat is still pink.
• Make sure all parts examined maturity, especially in the legs. The section requires the longest time than others.
• Storage of raw chicken must be considered. Always store in a clean container and sealed.
• If you want to defrost frozen chicken meat, preferably thawed in the refrigerator rather than silence in the kitchen area. You can also dilute it by soaking in cold water if the flesh is in the plastic packaging.
• Raw chicken meat can usually last two to three days. But if it smells, then the meat could not be consumed.

Activity washes the food is not always helpful in getting rid of germs, especially Campylobacter. Strive to cook your food to perfection as this is the most efficient way.

Type 2 Diabetes : Symptoms, Diagnosis, Complication

Type 2 Diabetes : Symptoms, Diagnosis, Complication

image cource : http://sutherlandpodiatry.com.au/

Diabetes is a disease characterized by long-term blood sugar levels were very high.

Cells in the human body need energy from sugar (glucose) to function properly. Which normally controls blood sugar is insulin. If the body lacks insulin or develop resistance to insulin in the body's cells, the levels of sugars (glucose) blood will increase dramatically. This is what triggers and causes of diabetes (diabetes mellitus).

What are the types of Diabetes?

Diabetes has two major types, namely diabetes type 1 and type 2. Type diabetes is most common is type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes is due to decreased production of insulin in the body so that its function was not optimal or body starts to become less sensitive to insulin. This reaction is known as insulin resistance.

This type usually affects people over the age of 40 years. Pengidapnya age but lately getting any younger. Type 2 diabetes is also more often experienced by Asian ethnicity than other ethnic groups.

Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes

Common symptoms of diabetes are similar to Type 1 and Type 2 are:

• Frequent urination, especially at night.
• Frequent thirst and constant tiredness.
• Decreased muscle mass.
• Weight loss.

Other symptoms of diabetes are:

• The itching and yeast infections in the vagina or penis.
• Blurred vision due to dry eye lens.
• Infection of the skin.

The severity of symptoms experienced every patient is different. Moreover, not all people experience the symptoms above.

The early symptoms of type 2 diabetes tend to be mild. Therefore, many sufferers are often unaware that they are contracting the disease for many years.

Diagnosis and treatment of early diabetes can reduce the risk of complications. Consult your doctor immediately if you experience symptoms of diabetes.

Blood sugar Levels Too High (hyperglycemia)

Type 2 diabetes is caused by lack of insulin production from the pancreas or the cells of the body less sensitive to insulin. As a result, blood sugar levels can increase dramatically.

Blood sugar levels that are too high (hyperglycemia) can occur for several reasons such as eating too much, the decline in health, or lack of the administered dose. The main symptom of hyperglycemia include:

• dry mouth
• Feeling very thirsty
• Sleepy
• blurred vision
• Frequent urination
• Dizzy

Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes

Early diagnosis is very important as a step that diabetes can be addressed immediately. If you experience symptoms of diabetes, you should immediately consult a doctor.

Sampling Urine and Blood Samples

You will be asked to describe your symptoms and advised to undergo regular blood and urine tests. Your urine sample will be tested to check the sugar content. Normal urine contains no sugar (diabetes), but these substances can accumulate and flow to the kidneys and urine if you are suffering from diabetes.

If there is sugar in urine, you will be advised to undergo a blood test to confirm the diagnosis of diabetes.

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test To Evaluate Insulin Activity in the Body

Your blood samples are taken twice, namely glucose fasting and two hours after a meal. Blood samples for fasting glucose test will be done in the morning after you eat and drink fasting for 8-12 hours. You are also advised not to take certain drugs that can affect test results.

Then you will be given a sugar solution with pre-determined levels. Exactly two hours later, a blood sample is taken you will come back for a glucose test to evaluate the activity of insulin in the body.

Results Test Your Blood Sugar Levels

Your sugar levels will be known from the results of an oral glucose tolerance test (fasting glucose test and the glucose test two hours after drinking the sugar solution). The figure will determine whether you suffer from impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes.

Milligrams / deciliter or commonly abbreviated as mg / dL is the unit for blood sugar levels that are used in general in Indonesia. The dose of normal blood sugar are:

• 80-100 mg / dL before meals.
• 80-144 mg / dl after meals (checked exactly two hours after eating),

Dose blood sugar in people with impaired glucose tolerance are:

• 108-126 mg / dL before meals.
• 142-198 mg / dL after meals (checked exactly two hours after eating).

Changes in lifestyle would be advisable if the test results indicate you are suffering from impaired glucose tolerance. The doctor also might give drugs to lower your blood sugar levels.

The dose of blood sugar for people with diabetes are:

• More than 126 mg / dL before meals.
• More than 198 mg / dL after meals (checked exactly two hours after eating).

If the test results indicate you have diabetes, your doctor may give you medicines to reduce and balance your blood sugar levels.

Complications of Type 2 Diabetes

High blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels, nerves, and organs. Ultimately diabetes can lead to complications if not treated properly. Increased blood sugar levels are not significant and although not trigger any symptoms can result in a long-term basis.

Complications Cause Heart Disease and Stroke

Diabetics have five times higher risk of developing heart disease or stroke. Balance blood sugar levels that are left unguarded in a long time can increase the possibility of atherosclerosis, the narrowing of blood vessels that usually occurs as a result of the accumulation of cholesterol. This complication has risks as follows:

Causing a heart attack or stroke due to increased risk of blood vessel blockage in the heart or brain.

Obstructing blood flow to the heart and cause an attack of angina (wind seated). Angina attacks indicated the presence of chest pain that feels oppressive.

Damage Causing Complications Neuropathy (Nerve)

Excessive blood sugar levels can damage nerves and blood vessels smooth. This can cause a tingling or burning sensation usually starts from the tip of the fingers and toes and spread to other body parts. Also, neurological complications can make the legs numb, so it does not hurt when hurt and eventually lead to ulcers. The nerve damage that attacks the digestive system can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation.

Complications Causing Organ Damage to Leg

Damage to the nerves or blood flow inhibition on diabetic foot can increase the risk of health complications legs usually late realized. There are about 10% of people with diabetes who have a severe infection due to injuries or just a small scratch on the leg.

Patients who have suffered nerve damage should consult their feet every day and consult on perceived changes to the physician. Complications in the legs that should watch out for include:

• Swelling.
• Skin that feels hot to the touch.
• Wounds that do not heal.
• Your feet checked by a doctor regularly every year.

Complications Cause Retinal Damage

Retinopathy occurs when there are problems with blood vessels in the retina (the network of the eye that is sensitive to light) that can lead to blindness if left unchecked. The blood vessels can leak, clogged, or grow randomly and thus block the light to reach the retina.

Do a routine eye examination every year. If no serious damage, you will be referred to the ophthalmologist to be addressed immediately. Balance blood sugar levels are maintained properly can reduce your risk.

Diabetic retinopathy is detected early can be treated with laser surgery. But this treatment only aims to maintain the remaining power of vision and not a cure.

Complications Cause Kidney Damage

Kidneys have millions of fine blood vessels that filter wastes from the blood. If the fine blood vessels are blocked or leaking, your kidneys may decrease performance. These complications usually associated with high blood pressure. Choosing the right treatment is important.

Severe damage to the kidney may even lead to kidney failure. If you are experiencing renal failure, you need dialysis (a treatment process that mimics the function of the kidney) or even a kidney transplant.

Complications Cause Sexual Dysfunction

Damage to small blood vessels and nerves in the diabetic men (especially smokers) can lead to erectile dysfunction. These disorders can usually be solved with drugs.

Diabetics can also experience female sexual dysfunction, for example:

• Decreased sexual satisfaction.
• Lack of sex drive.
• Vaginal dryness.
• Pain during intercourse.
• Failure to attain orgasm.

People with diabetes are women who experience vaginal fluid deficiency or pain during intercourse can use lubricants or gels.

Miscarriages and Birth Death

High blood sugar levels can be harmful to the mother and fetus. The risk of miscarriage and stillbirth increases when diabetes in pregnant women are not handled carefully. Blood sugar levels are not maintained properly during early pregnancy can also increase the risk of birth defects.

Pregnant women with diabetes are encouraged to check the condition of diabetes regularly to the obstetrician, hospital, or clinic. This will facilitate the regular consultation the doctor to monitor blood sugar levels of the mother, including controlling the insulin dose should be given, and the development of the fetus.

Type 1 Diabetes : Symtomps, Diagnosis, Treatment

Type 1 Diabetes : Symtomps, Diagnosis, Treatment

image source: http://www.chla.org/

All cells in the human body need glucose to function normally, and the blood sugar levels are usually controlled by the hormone insulin. If the body lacks insulin or the body's cells become resistant to insulin, blood sugar levels will increase dramatically due to accumulation. This is what happens when a person suffers from diabetes (diabetes mellitus).

Diabetes is a disease characterized by long-term blood sugar levels are above normal.

Any Type of Diabetes?

The main types of this disease are diabetes type 1 and type 2. People with type 1 diabetes is very dependent on insulin. This type is also sometimes known as diabetes 'teenager' due primarily affects patients under the age of 40 years, especially in adolescence.

Pancreas organ in the body type 1 diabetics does not produce insulin, so patients must receive insulin injections every day. Insulin is crucial because it serves to control blood sugar levels. Blood sugar levels that are too high can result in severe damage to the body organs.

In addition to injecting insulin, people with type 1 diabetes should also keep your blood sugar levels to remain balanced. For example, with a healthy diet, regular exercise, and regular blood tests.

Symptoms Common in Diabetes

Symptoms of diabetes vary. Among them:

• Often feel thirsty.
• Frequent fatigue.
• Frequent urination, especially at night.
• Reduced muscle mass (in people with Type 1 diabetes).
• Weight loss (in patients with Type 1 diabetes).

The symptoms of type 1 diabetes can develop rapidly within a few weeks or even days. If patients experienced vomiting and breathing in heavy, meaning the condition of diabetes are at a dangerous stage and immediately see a doctor.

Blood Sugar Levels Too High (hyperglycemia)

Blood sugar levels that are too high (hyperglycemia) may occur due to the production of insulin in the body stopped or not enough, so there is no insulin to move glucose from the blood into the cells which in turn is processed into energy.

Hyperglycemia symptoms similar to diabetes, but it usually occurs suddenly with a high severity. Among them:

• Dry mouth.
• Feel very thirsty.
• Sleepy.
• Blurred vision.
• Frequent urination.
• Dizzy.

If left untreated, hyperglycemia can cause a serious condition in which the cells of the body will turn to fat and muscles as an alternative energy source. This can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis which then triggers increased levels of acid in the blood and result in people vomiting, dehydration, loss of consciousness and even death.

Blood Sugar Levels Too Low (Hypoglycemia)

In addition to high blood sugar levels, people with diabetes may also experience blood sugar levels are so low is called hypoglycemia. This condition can be caused by several factors, but mostly because of insulin in the body move glucose from the blood too much.

Most cases of hypoglycemia caused by the side effects of excessive use of insulin. This condition can also occur as a result of forgetting to eat, exercise and physical activity are too heavy, or drink alcohol on an empty stomach.

The symptoms of hypoglycemia are:

• Heart palpitations.
• Trembling.
• Sweating.
• Quick emotion.
• Limp.
• A tingling sensation on the lips.
• Nausea.
• Hungry.

Simple way to deal with foods or sugary drinks. If left untreated, hypoglycemia may adversely affect the brain and lead to:

• Daze.
• Blurred vision or double look.
• Slurred speech.
• Loss of consciousness.

To deal with the above symptoms, you need an injection of the hormone glucagon which can increase blood sugar levels as soon as possible.

The patients with type 1 diabetes who are planning to fast also expected to be always wary because it had a risk of hypoglycemia. This condition usually occurs in the afternoon before iftar and particularly in elderly diabetics.

If you experience symptoms of hypoglycemia as described above, diabetics are encouraged to break the fast immediately by drinking sugared water, such as syrup or sweet tea, then eat rice as usual.

Soon Search Assistance Medical Assistance

People with diabetes should seek immediate medical help if you experience:

• Breath smells like fruit.
• Nausea or vomiting.
• Loss of appetite.
• Stomach ache.
• High fever.

Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes

Early diagnosis of diabetes is very important so that treatment can be done immediately. If you experience symptoms of diabetes, it is advisable to consult a doctor as soon as possible.

Urine Test for Determining Blood Glucose and Glucose Content

A regular doctor will ask you to undergo a urine test and a blood test. Your urine sample will be tested to check the content of glucose. Normal urine contains no glucose (diabetes), but the substance will accumulate and flow to the kidneys and urine if you are suffering from diabetes. Doctors also usually will check whether there is the content of ketones (compounds that indicate diabetes type 1) in your urine.

If there is glucose in the urine, you will generally be advised to undergo a blood test to confirm the diagnosis of diabetes. Your blood samples are taken twice, namely glucose fasting and two hours after a meal.

Blood samples for fasting glucose test will be done in the morning after you fast for a maximum of 12 hours. You will then be given a drink containing sugar that has been determined.

Exactly two hours later, a blood sample is taken you will come back for a glucose test to evaluate the activity of insulin in the body.

Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes 

Diabetes can not be cured. Treatment of diabetes aims to keep blood sugar levels and control the symptoms to avoid complications that may occur.

Step Treatment with Insulin

Pancreas organ in the body type 1 diabetics do not produce insulin, so patients must receive insulin supply from outside every day. Insulin is very important because it serves to balance blood sugar levels. Levels that are too high and the small could result in severe damage to organs. Several types of insulin can be used. Among them:

• Rapid-acting insulin whose effects do not last long, but reacted quickly.
• Short-acting insulin whose effects can last up to eight hours.
• Long-acting insulin whose effects can last up to a day.

Treatment for people with diabetes may use a combination of the types of insulin at the top.

Insulin by injection

Administration of insulin by injection is the most common. This method is chosen because if taken in tablet form, insulin will be digested in the stomach as food and could not get into the blood.

In the early stages of use, the doctor will usually help you to inject insulin. Then you will be taught how to inject insulin and store and dispose of needles safely.

There are two methods typically used to give insulin injections, namely through a needle and syringe or pen. Diabetics requires two doses per day. The doctor or nurse also teaches how to use the usually close friends or family.

Insulin pumps therapy

Another alternative is to inject insulin with an insulin pump. Tools insulin container is small. Complete small tube with a needle on the end will connect the pump to your body. The needle is usually inserted into the body through the stomach, but there also were put through the hips, thighs, buttocks, or arms.

These pumps will deliver insulin into the bloodstream at a dosage that can be set, so you do not need to make insulin injections again. But you still have to be vigilant and monitor blood sugar carefully to ensure you receive the right dose of insulin.

Insulin pumps are very practical and can be used by people with type 1 diabetes adults, adolescents and children (with adult supervision). But not everyone is fit to use it. These pumps are usually recommended for diabetics who experience frequent hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).

Handling the Islet Transplantation

Islet transplantation may also be able to help some people with diabetes type 1. In this process, the islet cells obtained from a donor who had died and transplanted into the pancreas of patients with type 1 diabetes islet cells is the type of pancreatic cells that produce insulin.

Reducing Risk Through Other Treatments

People with type 1 diabetes have a higher risk of complications, such as heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease. Therefore your doctor will probably suggest the following drugs to reduce the chance:

• Statins to reduce high cholesterol levels.
• High blood pressure-lowering drugs.
• ACE inhibitor drugs, such as enalapril, lisinopril or ramipril, if there is an indication of diabetic kidney disease. Progression of the illness is characterized by the protein albumin in the urine can be controlled if treated immediately.
• Low-dose aspirin to prevent stroke.